New Engineering Technologies
In the 20th century, a huge wave of new engineering technologies arrived in Kazakhstan. It includes nuclear, electrical, chemical, physical, aviation, fleet, machine-building, space exploration, radio, telephone, television, modern medicine, urban construction, industrial, transport, household appliances, mining and many other technologies. Hence, Kazakhstan has leaped from a traditional nomadic economy to a modern high-tech level within just a century. However, many environmental, social, natural, cultural, and technogenic problems have arisen with the rapid implementation of these new technologies.