Turkic cities and towns
During the Turkic Age, many new towns and cities appeared on the territory of Kazakhstan and neighboring areas. Such as Talas, Suyab, Sairam, Taskent, Nauakent, Balasagun, Qimaqiya, Qagan-Qimaq, Qoilyq, Talgar, and etc. However, these “nomads’ cities and towns”, were different from those of the settled nations’. Castles, forts, and other fortifications were parts of temporary urban defensive structures. During the enemy invasions, the nomadic tribes took refuge in such fortresses with their families and livestock, and they turned into centers of resistance. They also might have spent harsh winters in these urban settlements. But then they always went to the open Steppe to watch after their free-roaming livestock.